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In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Clipping is also known as "truncation" or "shortening."〔 According to Marchand (1969),〔 clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms of a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc., in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, ''exam''(ination), ''math''(ematics), and ''lab''(oratory) originated in school slang; ''spec''(ulation) and ''tick''(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and ''vet''(eran) and ''cap''(tain) in army slang. While clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, . Clipping is different from back-formation – back-formation may change the part of speech or the word's meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does ''not'' change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. According to (1986), 〔 clipping mainly consists of the following types: # Initial clipping # Final clipping # Medial clipping # Complex clipping ==Final clipping, or apocope== Final (or back) clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning of the prototype is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ''ad'' (advertisement), ''cable'' (cablegram), ''doc'' (doctor), ''exam'' (examination), ''fax'' (facsimile), ''gas'' (gasoline), ''gym'' (gymnastics, gymnasium), ''memo'' (memorandum), ''mutt'' (muttonhead), ''pub'' (public house), ''pop'' (popular music). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clipping (morphology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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